The outsider Holden Caulfield is respo

The outsider, Holder Coalfield is responsible for his own alienation. How far would you agree? Focus on chapter 1-7 Define outsider -3 lines Every paragraph – AAA argument AAA methods and terms AAA context Quotations Holder Coalfield from the outset is an outsider and alienated from society. The technical term for an outsider is a person or thing excluded from or not a member of a set, group. We see that Holder is not really part of the society around him, from Pence Prep at the start of the novel to when he travels to New York. The role of the outsider In literature Is a vital one.Slinger often employs Holder's point of view to show post war America which could be a cause of part of his alienation. Holder In ‘The Catcher and the Rye' gives a narration through the eyes of one who Is â€Å"so close yet so far† In terms of fitting In to the society In which they supposedly already belong. I believe that Holder's unique character and look on other people makes him an outsider and that yes, Holder is responsible for his own alienation. I believe that one of the most important aspects of his outsider status is that Holder is an outsider cause he isolated himself from the other not because others avoid interacting with him.We can see this from Holder saying ‘practically the whole school was there apart from me. ‘ This was Holder choosing now to go down to the game ,to walk off Saxon hill, this is proof of others not excluding him, this shows his alienation may be down to him. In other words Holder voluntarily became an outsider. We also see that Holder's expectations for humanity are too high, so hardly anyone meets his standards; therefore, he dislikes most people and stays away from them.He only mess to see and plan point out the negative sides of a surrounding or a character for example when Holder talks about Ackley ‘Ackley Is dirty, pimply, and all-around unhygienic. ‘ this shows him making judgments of other people, t rying to find a way and reason to alienate himself from them. He accuses a lot of other characters of being corny and phony.. In Holder's eyes, a â€Å"phony† is someone who embraces the world's mundane demands and tries to make something out of nothing-?that is, Just about everyone who studies in school or who puts on airs in order to do a Job or chive a goal.Holder thinks the headmaster ‘Mr. Has' of his old school ‘Election Hills' is a phony because he is fake'. Holder mentions that the headmaster ‘only talks to attractive parents at school events'. He said the headmaster would only ‘shake hands ‘and ‘smile at the fat or ugly parents' and then he would walk away from them and' talk for hours to the attractive student parents'. He also partly blames the headmaster for the entire fastness of the school. He said the pamphlet and commercials show happy men playing polo and he never once saw a horse on the repertory.This negative attitude and unusual outlook on people serves as a basis of exclude himself from thermopile. Holder labels almost everyone a â€Å"phony,† excepting Phoebe, Allele, and himself Holder understands on some level one of the most profound truths of mortal life: the superficial matters little because it will not last, yet it is made to seem so much more important. Meanwhile, all around him, he must watch superficial people win honors through their phoniness. We can see He then holds his deepest contempt for those who succeed as phonies: Seedeater, theHeadmaster, and all the boys who treat school as if it is a club to be ruled by Social standing. All Holder wants is some authentic living, to hold on to someone like Phoebe or Allele who knows nothing of the world's superficiality and therefore is not tainted by it, but he is afraid to make it too real out of the Justified fear of one day losing them forever. This shows him alienating himself from everyone who he considers a phony. Many people th ink that Holder's quality for looking at the negative in people is bratty or snobby or arrogant, but I feel that Holder is Just captioned that there are not more good people in the world.For such reason, it is hard for Holder to like someone and find someone who could really be considered a friend someone who is with him in his own world. Holder is very lonely, and his adolescent loneliness seems to run much deeper than the feelings so commonly felt at that age. At the same time, Holder takes few steps to mitigate his loneliness and alienation. Whenever he feels the urge to meet someone, to call up a girl, to have a social experience, he ends up sabotaging it before he can get hurt.He thus protects myself so fully that he effectively shuts off any possibilities of alleviating his own loneliness, still alienating himself. He wants to call Jane, for example, but he hangs up before she gets on the phone. Pushing people away sees him being more and more alienated, but we can see his rea son for this may be him willing to endure it rather than eventually face the ultimate, devastating feelings of losing another person like Allele. We can see that, after his younger brother Allies death, Holder turned into a permanently discontent individual.He views became more skeptical and more hymnal of others, casting them out of his life this may be the cause of him beginning to isolate himself. To different readers we can see how Holder's alienation and the reasoning can change, people blame it on society, post war America, Pence prep or the middle class but I believe it is Holder's family background and unfortunate experience related to his family serves as a one of the causes of Holder being an outsider as well as his skeptical and cynical attitude which isolates Holder from the others, thus making him a social outsider and, alienating himself from the world.

Postmodernism in Literature

Postmodernism is difficult to define, because we go through it on a daily basis. Some would say it began in the 1950’s, and others say it began with the tearing down of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Postmodernism is characterized by a variety of elements that question the reading experience. Postmodern authors celebrate this by using humour and absurd experiences to create a bizarre alternate reality. The different elements that are used throughout postmodernism stories include magic realism, metafiction and irony.Magic realism is where the supernatural is not displayed as questionable. Magic realism differs from fantasy because it is set in a normal, modern world with accurate descriptions of humans and a society that does not question it. Another element is Irony. Irony is used in postmodernism literature. Irony is when that which one would not expect occurs is true. Finally, Metafiction is a device that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction. This often happens by the author introducing themselves into the story. Post modernism and post colonialism are linked.The use of these techniques and elements encourage the reader to contemplate or query their reading experience and ones understanding of life and societies political and cultural values. Magic realism is where the supernatural is not displayed as questionable. Characters accept rather than question the logic of the magic element. Magic realism is displayed in a short story; A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Marquez. The story is about an old distorted man with enormous wings found on the beach by a couple. They try to communicate with him but find it is useless as he speaks a different language.The neighbor comes over and tells the couple that he is an angel that has come to take their sick child. The community and people from all over the world were astonished and wanted to see the angel. The couple grew tired of having so many people at their house that they began to charge mo ney to see the angel they became rich and built a mansion. After a while the community grew tired of the angel because a woman who had turned into a spider by disobeying her parents arrived to town to share her stories with the community. Eventually the angel began to roam free and finally took off into the sky.This story directly relates to magic realism because the crowd does not question the angel or spider woman. The couple’s neighbor does not question it at all, but she is quite familiar with it â€Å"He's an angel,† she told them. â€Å"He must have been coming for the child, but the poor fellow is so old that the rain knocked him down† (3). The woman is not shocked or surprised to see this man at all, in fact she is not questioning it either, but in reality it would seem very bizarre. The use of magic realism makes the reader question the reading experience and reality itself.Magic realism also plays a role in The Snow Horse by J. Winterson, A story about a man who drives to a party in a horrible snow storm but is stopped by a strange man who insists on telling him a ghost story. After dropping the strange man off he decides to take a short cut that his wife warned him not to take and ends up in a car crash, but as it is crashing he sees a horse running up beside the car. The story that the strange man told him consisted of a man getting ambushed and robbed and was left for dead his horse died beside him as well.The story exhibited a richness of details that the man believed in the snow horse and seen it as he was crashing. When he gets home and into bed he hears something â€Å"Then I heard it, unmistakable, the steady clip of hooves under the window and towards the drift, and out, further and further, faster and faster, on the high old coaching road, beneath the rack of stars. †(6). Here Winterson is making a reference to Santa’s reindeer. This effect leaves the reader uncertain, whether to believe the magical elemen t of the snow horse or the realist events in the story.Last but not least magic realism is displayed in The Night Face Up by Julio Cortazar. This story is about a man who is running from the Aztecs but is dreaming of being on a motorcycle and ends up in a car crash, yet the way Cortazar sets up the story makes it seem the opposite way around. This story is a good example of magic realism because it makes the reader question which world is reality and which one is a dream â€Å"It was unusual as a dream because it was full of smells, and he never dreamt smells† (266).Here is a distinct part where reality is being confused with a dream. The story is very descriptive of both worlds which makes the reader uncertain and question which is world is real and which is not. This disrupts the reading experience. Irony is when that which one would not expect occurs is true, when reality is different from appearance. Irony is seen in Araby by James Joyce. Araby is about a young boy who fa lls head over heels for his friends older sister. He has never spoken to her but he seems to be deeply in love with her.When he finally speaks to her she mentions the Araby Bazaar and how she could not go, the boy brings himself to go to this bazaar to bring her back something but realizes it is not as he imagined it. This narrative is ironic because it is perceived as the boy writing it, but in the ending it confirms that the narrator has learned his lesson and the reader learns it is an older, mature and more emotionally experienced version of the boy â€Å"I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make my interest in her wares seem the more real. †(4).The young boy went through tough situations to get to the bazaar and when he got there it was not what he pictured it to be. When he describes his anger it then tells the reader it is an older version of the boy telling his experience from the past. By using this technique it creates an ironic tension because it is human nature to change what was said, how it was said and how other people acted, so it makes the reader question the reading experience by thinking whether he told the story correctly or not. Irony also plays a role in A Girls Story by David Arnason.This story is ironic because it is not â€Å"a girls story† it is a man who is stereotyping a female. It is the opposite of a girl’s story. Arnason is constantly stereotyping women and predicting what the reader expects out of the story. Arnason seems to stereotype how a woman would write the story as well â€Å"I’m going to have trouble with the feminists about this story. I can see that already. †(228). Here you can tell that it is a man stereotyping a woman because of the fact he is directly addressing women who will read this story and how they will dislike it.Irony also occurs in The Happy Man by Naguib Mahfouz. The happy man is about a man who wakes up extremely happy and cannot understan d why. He is usually faced with strain and contemplation, but he wakes up happy. He then goes about his day and cannot even stay at work or sleep because of this strange happiness. He goes to a doctor to see why he is so happy â€Å"I haven’t come to see you because I’m ill,† he told the doctor in a hesitant tone of voice, â€Å"but because I’m happy! † (240). It is ironic because being happy is not an illness is very ironic to go to see a doctor because of it.He questions himself because he usually is not a happy man, but because of the grief and contemplation he has gone through has cause him to lose his mind and become inconceivably happy that he goes to doctors to try to cure it. This makes the reader question the reading experience and life itself. Metafiction is a device that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction. This often happens by the author violating narrative levels by intruding to comment on their writing, involving his or herself with the fictional characters or even directly addressing the reader.The use of metafiction makes the reader contemplate their reading experience. In A Girls Story by David Arnason metafiction is strongly used. Satire is also used throughout the story as well. Satire is the use of irony, sarcasm and ridicule. Here Arnason disrupts the reading experience by satirizing what the reader would think of this part of the story by saying â€Å"I could do a lot more of that but you wouldn’t like it† (228). Arnason predicts what a reader would like or dislike in the story.Another strongly use of metafiction in the story is where Arnason directly mentions himself â€Å"He even looks a little like me and he smokes the same kind of pipe† (232). Here Arnason is directly addressing the reader by involving himself with the fictional characters. This disrupts the reading experience and makes the reader question the cultural and political views held by society. Another e xample of metafiction is displayed in Lost in the Funhouse by John Barth. Barth displays reflexivity where this enables to reader to understand the process by which he or she reads the world as a text.He casually interrupts to explain how he created the story â€Å"Description of physical appearance and mannerisms is one of the several standard methods of characterization used by writers of fiction. † (54). Barth tells the reader how describing physical appearance is important Alex 7 to keep the reader’s imagination and interest going. Throughout the story Barth interrupts to comment on his writing to explain what is going on and why he is using these different techniques.This makes the reader question the reading experience and their understanding of Barth’s writing. Finally metafiction is used in Araby. The reader perceives it as being the young boy telling his story, but in the end it is shown to be a more mature, older version of the boy. Usually when telli ng a story from the past people tend to change what happened, so this makes the reader question whether the narrator has changed anything about the story or not â€Å"Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. (4). Here we see a different side of the boy, a more experienced angry version. This shows the reader the man who is now telling the story from a past experience. These elements and techniques that the postmodern use disrupt and question the reading experience and encourage the reader to question it. Postmodernism and Post colonialism are linked through these techniques, magic realism, irony and metafiction.

Comparrison between Aviation biofuel and the other types of fuel that Essay

Comparrison between Aviation biofuel and the other types of fuel that are used now for airplanes - Essay Example Biofuel (96) is an old method that existed back in 500AD when revolution was taking place. People back then used to recycle waste materials to ignite their newly invented machines. This method of recycling went on until new forms of ignition evolved. Apparently airline companies are looking for ways in which they can cost on fossil fuels which are being used in this new modern era. Researchers have found that the usage of biofuel is still possible even without modernizing the ignition engines like in cars. Although this is concluded research has been made, there still lay some concern about using the biofuel in aviation as compared to the other fuel that is being used such as gasoline and fossil fuels. These concerns are in form of pros and con of using either of the two kind of fuel in aviation (96). The advantages of using bio-fuels would be its environmentally balanced carbon (IV) oxide impact, its capability to become a sustainable fuel, and it may result in lower engine emissions. This emission are named greenhouse gas emissions which poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol. Currently, aviation represents two percent of global emissions, but is expected to grow to three by 2050(Eliasson, Riemer & Wokaun 1999). In addition, long-term solutions are said to dramatically reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, alternate fuels with low to zero carbon content, such as liquid hydrogen or liquid methane, might be used. The need to build fuel efficient aircraft and operating them more efficiently; the need to change the fuel source is one of the few options the aviation industry has in order to reduce its carbon. Hydrogen electric and solar propelled aircraft are in research, there are no expectations that they will be feasible in the near or term due to aviations need for high power-to-weight ratio and globally compatible infrastructure (Eliasson, Riemer & Wokaun, 1999). Therefore, in

Chinese in Nevada Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese in Nevada - Term Paper Example Sue Fawn Chung. The subject matter was controversial since it delved into racial discrimination, which, according to the exhibit, was met by the Chinese immigrants in 1859 when they were apparently prohibited by miners’ administrators in the Gold Hill area from working as miners in the identified Comstock mines (Nevada State Museum). However, their industrious nature led them to own other small business ventures offering services to both Chinese and non-Chinese citizens through their reported service laundries, restaurants, boarding houses and even herbal medicine shops (Nevada State Museum). Likewise, the alleged completion of the railroad in Nevada in 1869 was attributed predominantly to Chinese immigrants who labored dedicatedly to this endeavor. They reportedly settled within the railroad system in 1870s as a distinct and segregated racial community which was later eventually known Chinatown (Nevada State Museum). I likewise observed the presence of Chinese artifacts with intricate traditional designs that have been effectively preserved for various viewers’ appreciation. There were two ancient jars or receptacles below the Chinese Workers Support the Mines narrative poster which had decorative metal covers. Other ancient artifacts that were viewed were a long slender decorative staff and a gambling license that was duly preserved. I noted that these artifacts contain symbols, carved images and designs that could still be seen in contemporary Chinese art forms. This simply means that the Chinese race has placed great emphasis in preserving their ancient art works and has maintained traditional values embodied in them. The Chinese people have been known to be artistic and spend a great deal of time in creating intricate designs and carved art forms in various mediums (wood, metal, paintings) which they were able to share as immigrants in Nevada. The book of the same title written by Chung confirmed the information I gathered from the exhibit re garding the ancient Chinese immigrants manifesting traits of industriousness, as excerpts from her book description indicated that â€Å"although many were attracted by mining prospects, the ability to own land, and work in railroad construction projects, they held a wide variety of jobs, including ranching, sheepherding, logging, medicine, merchandising, and gaming. Their restaurants and laundries could be found throughout the state† (Chung 1). Chung also noted that eventually, the policymakers in the United States have acknowledged the vast contribution of Chinese immigrants in the country and eventually repealed the restrictions to enable them to avail of the same rights accorded to American citizens. Likewise, online published report from The U.S. National Archives and Records Adminstration entitled â€Å"Chinese Immigration and the Chinese in the United States† also confirmed the initial discrimination that prevented Chinese migrants from entering the United State s: â€Å"from 1882 to 1943 the United States Government severely curtailed immigration from China to the United States. This Federal policy resulted from concern over the large numbers of Chinese who had come to the United States in response to the need for inexpensive labor, especially for construction of the transcontinental railroad†

The nurses responsabilties in prevention of medication errors Research Paper

The nurses responsabilties in prevention of medication errors - Research Paper Example Based on individual and systematic approach medication errors are grouped into two i.e. active errors that result from non compliance with the procedure and latent errors that emerge from problems within the system environment or structure. It has been noted that latent errors pose the greatest risk to patient safety in comparison to active errors. Medication errors though can not be completely phased out; their frequency of occurrence can be reduced by the nurses’ responsibilities in prevention of medication errors through; Acknowledgment of error, right measures in medicine administration, proper calculation of dose and healthcare management. Nurses’ unique position in reverence to patient proximity and healthcare delivery facilities put on them roles and responsibilities that address medication errors, which result to patient safety Acknowledging and Reporting Errors Medication errors can not addressed if they are not identified and reported, (Friesen M.A., Farquhar M.B. &. Hughes R, 2005), medication errors are often underreported, this may be due to burdensome documentation requirement in the process, unclear medication errors requirement without adverse implication, inability to report errors and also perception that reporting medication errors would not influence any changes (Friesen M.A, Farquhar M.B & Hughes R, 2005). Failure to recognize and report medication errors impedes effort to acknowledge errors hence no response toward errors that have occurred. Medication Preparation and Administration Nurses have roles to play toward medicine preparation and administration to the patient which is a medication safety measure requirement that translate to reduction of medication errors. (Athanasakis E, 2012) Medication preparation and administration measures involve safe environment insurance for the purpose of medication preparation; this can be achieved through labels or reminders that discourage interruption and also enhance concentration in t he process, e.g. â€Å"DO NOT INTERRUPT† signpost labels (Athanasakis E, 2012). Imposing double checking of medication by separate nurses should be mandatory, especially in medication that involves high risk of adverse effect (Athanasakis E, 2012). Nurses should implement five right rules that encompass (right medication, right dose, right route, right time, and right patient) in medication preparation and administration (Athanasakis E, 2012). In addition, nurses should ensure apparent medication separation either by color or name and appropriate labeling, administration of medication once prepared and counter checking to ensure the medication is being administered to the right patient (Athanasakis E, 2012). Dose Calculation Skills and Nursing Education As Athanasakis E point out, â€Å"In a study, to assess unsafe events for patients, found that 56% of Unsafe events related to medication errors and 20% of those associated with lack of nursing student skills.† (Athanas akis E, 2012, p. 776). Yet most nurses believe that what they knew about dose calculation is sufficient (Athanasakis E, 2012); hence dose calculation skills remain to be the nurses responsibilities in prevention of medication errors this can be address through continuous nursing education. Measures Concerning Nursing Head Administrator Nurses’ administrators have fundamental roles and responsibilities of management of

Answer the questions in Bold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Answer the questions in Bold - Essay Example A single level of provider, or individual teams within a level, can provide assistance when others are unavailable or inappropriate. Responses appear to have improved since 2001 (Inglesby, 2011), but there are still concerns that need to be addressed. As the scale of a disaster increases, so does the involvement of multiple groups. The call for coordination begins at the instant that more than one team is attending to an emergency. Without properly integrating available services, there is little chance of providing the best possible assistance to those affected by the situation. Poorly strategized emergency services will cause overlaps and gaps in the allocation of personnel (Born et al., 2011). This deficiency would result in victims not receiving the appropriate help when it should otherwise be available (Geale, 2012). Poor skills management is also possible within a single unit, but is exponentially damaging as more teams become part of the system. Higher levels of emergency response will be activated as the situation increases in severity and, usually, in geographic impact. The damage caused by the faulty management of disaster assistance is severe when it occurs throughout high-level supervising authorities. The regular eval uation of these systems is a necessary step to ensure the minimization of losses due to emergency situations. The integration of emergency services at multiple levels is adequately but not perfectly supported by current United States policies. Local officials and organizations handle most emergencies, limiting the complexity of cooperative management and allowing for familiarity to develop between providers. When the state becomes involved it takes control of the operation while supporting and coordinating community efforts, which is appropriate given the duties and capabilities of state governments. Federal intervention is only

Liberty is the true path to morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liberty is the true path to morality - Essay Example This in itself can lead to deeper and more profound questions and analyses'. As society's collective morality can be influenced by a variety of factors, some of which could be considered arbitrary and fleeting. Examples of such factors could be the media and those with strong political influence. By allowing the state to enforce morality, a number of questions must be answered. First and foremost, in what manner do these moral laws relate to the Constitution and the right of individual freedom People have free will and the right to choose for themselves, to choose their own morality and ethics and their own way of life, as long as no one is harmed. Another question to address is the reasoning that the morals that are being enforced by law based upon Those writing law can consciously or unconsciously provide their own interpretation of morality in the legal doctrine. Milsted writes, "Democracy represents the people in the middle. The government represents the immoral as well as the moral. Thus, we can expect the government to be more moral than half the population and more immoral that the other half "(Milsted). It also should not be forgotten that law is not magic. Moral norm, which becomes a part of law, needs to be provided into the real life. Practice has shown that perso nal morality laws are general ineffective and can have very unpleasant sequels. "The war on drugs has led to higher crime, broken families, increased poverty, the clogging of the court system, the funding of international terrorism and higher taxes. Furthermore, the laws against prostitution have led to an increase in the abuse of women and the spread of deadly sexually transmitted diseases" (Milsted 2005). Lord Devlin in an essay entitled, Introduction... Practice has shown that personal morality laws are general ineffective and can have very unpleasant sequels.   â€Å"The war on drugs has led to higher crime, broken families, increased poverty, the clogging of the court system, the funding of international terrorism and higher taxes.   Furthermore, the laws against prostitution have led to an increase in the abuse of women and the spread of deadly sexually transmitted diseases† (Milsted 2005).     Lord Devlin in an essay entitled, Introduction to Law and Morality, is quoted as saying that a society requires a public morality.   â€Å"A society is created by a sort of community of ideas, not only political ideas but ideas about the way the members of the society should behave and govern their lives† (2001).   The institution of marriage was used as an example of this, in that a society has to choose whether they will govern themselves by the rules of monogamy or polygamy, as the society can not have both.   Lord Devlin takes this example even further by stating that the institution of marriage would be damaged by morally accepting adultery, but that this is not a crime and should not be, yet the public and government should be compelled to protect itself and its valued institutions, such as marriage.   A look at paternalism allows for a greater analysis of the role that morality should have within the legal system.   Paternalism is the institution of laws that are meant to keep individuals from harming themselves, i.e., the use of drugs, gun laws, euthanasia, etc.  

Discuss the history of the hospitality industry, characteristics and Essay

Discuss the history of the hospitality industry, characteristics and importance of the hospitality industry - Essay Example From the origin and development of hospitality industry, it can be gathered that the industry has unique and distinctive characteristics. First the industry is to balance between services and products delivered. Communication is also essential between the hospitality staff and clients, another feature in the industry is the fact that there is diversity in culture, which may result to some problems differences (Walker 2007). There are also various importance of hospitality industry to the economy of a given region such as offering employment to the local residents. Since hospitality is related to tourism there is conservation of culture and heritage. Hospitality industry also enhances the development of auxiliary services such as transport, insurance and banking facilities. Tourism and hospitality in Bournemouth is growing tremendously, and it is projected that thousands of jobs will be developed faster as compared to industries such as manufacturing, retail or construction. Due to ho spitality and tourism industry, Bournemouth is the second destination for studying languages after the Great Britain. It can therefore be concluded that there is a lot of economic impact that has resulted from hospitality industry in

Birth Control in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Birth Control in the USA - Essay Example A recent study has proved that 42% of teenage girls living in urban society involved in sex before they reach 15 and 26% of them having sex at the age of 14 (Guttmacher Institute, 2012). The statics reveals that it would be beneficial if the young girls get the access to protective contraceptives and condoms. Elders believe that young school going students must not found involved in sex and therefore, birth control pills are not something for them (Eichner 129). According to them, if the teenage girls get the easy access to condoms or contraceptives, there is a likelihood that the trend might get reach to the peak as it will surely encourage them to have sex whether safe or not. No matter what people think, the sad part is that teenagers are not going to stop the sex activities and therefore, it would be ideal to accept the reality and allow them to have protective sex in order to counter the harsh consequence in term of pregnancy. Many hospitals and doctors have the rule of parent’s permissible note from the teenage group girls so that they can prescribe the pills. However, there are some clinics that offer birth control pills or condom with family insurance without the note to young teenage girls of age 15 and above without seeing their parents. Family insurance helps when the girl using condom or pill accidentally gets pregnant. So, the discussion is very clear that if a teenage girl wants to involve in sexual activities, she has complete right to have the access to the preventive material so that she can avoid unwanted pregnancy. It is also good for the society where a new addition is not needed for the time being from a young girl or the school going teenage girl faces a dropout.  

Changing social and legal dimensions of race relations in The US from Essay

Changing social and legal dimensions of race relations in The US from 1920-1950 - Essay Example The feature of this essay is to bring about the existing concept in the treatment of the Africans and other immigrants in America and to focus on the point whether America is completely free of the racial discrimination towards the African community in their place. America is a vast country where immigrants could be seen in every state, this is due to the powerful revision of equality and pressure in education values and educational policies. Through out the world Education has started gaining a total significance and students travel to other non-native countries in order to improve their educational status. The out look of the Government is also in the immediate process of changing. So it accepts the students from other countries. It is a two way income to their country, in one path the Government earns a lot income from the arrival of foreign students and on the other side establishment is carried out in their educational departments. While analyzing the condition of the American society between the years 1920-1950 a considerable change could be seen, but still not a complete change is accepted. Meanwhile it is really interesting to find evidences of the situation regarding the race relations in the written works of Authors’ like Ralph Ellison. The â€Å"Invisible Man† by Ellison reflects the narrator as a key source to carry the message that how he finds himself as an invisible man among the people of America. The list of humiliations, the different way of response, the ignorance with which he had failed to recognize the irony and the treatment of the white higher officials towards the black people were all added to the causes of his out come of â€Å"Invisible Man†. The title has a deep significance in it; Ellison himself talks in the place of the narrator. It is a collection of his experience in America. It is better to go through the life of Ellison before he became a

Historical Accuracy of Gone with the Wind Essay Example for Free

Historical Accuracy of Gone with the Wind Essay In the decades following the civil war, many factors altered the American city. As urbanization and industrialization developed simultaneously, cities were provided with supply of labor for factories and improved transportation. Commercial farming, followed by a shift in population of people relocating from rural areas to more modern cities greatly influenced the evolution of the America city. As well as a significant increase in immigration to the states, these are the most prominent factors influencing the development of the American city. A number of improvements in urbanization and industrialization made the growth of cities possible. Cities gave way to streetcar cities because people had little choice but to live in walking distances. By the 1890s, both horse-drawn cars and cable cars were being replaced by electric trolleys, elevated railroads and subways, which could transport people to urban residence. These improvements in urban transportation made it possible for more people to immigrate into the cities making it even bigger. As cities expanded outward, they also soared upward, since increasing land values in the central business district dictated the construction. Skyscrapers had replaced church spires as the dominant feature of American urban skylines and the buildings mostly had electric lights for commercial purposes. Urbanization and industrialization greatly changed the American city to what it is today. Commercial farming greatly impacted the development of the American city towards the end of the nineteenth century. The need for a massive number of farmhands diminished over time, and forced a majority of people living in rural areas of the states to more modern cities to seek work opportunities. This offered more jobs to be available for the newly arrivals, and in turn shaped how the cities operated. Commercial farmers also contained the ability to raise a single cash crop for the single purpose to make profit. This greatly improved the economy of cities across America. Commercial farming had a prominent change on the American city. As immigration to the states increased to the more modern cities, the cities changed significantly. New immigrants greatly increased the population of these cities, forcing them to expand. The growth of American metropolis was magnificent. In 1860, no city in the United States could boast one million inhabitants. But by 1900, New York held about 3.5 million citizens. A growing immigrant population to meet the increased need for workers led to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions within urban areas. Immigrants also developed ethnic neighborhoods that helped to change the character of the American city. Immigration played an important part into the change of the American city. Many key factors played roles into the evolution of the American cities across the nation. The most prominent of these were the era of urbanization and industrialization, commercial farmers bringing a rich economy to the city life, and newly arriving immigrants forcing the American cities to thrive. All of these factors shaped cities across the states to what they became today.

The expert system

The expert system Abstract The title for this report is Expert System. Statistically, the percentage of current organizations implementing expert systems for their usage is very minimal. This is due to the restraining forces of implementing expert system outweigh its driving force. Yet, as the technologies are frequently being upgraded, the constraints of implementing expert systems are getting easier to overcome. Hence, the reason I chose this title for my report is due to my strong interest in the future of expert system where it may potentially be used domestically for providing the best solutions for complex problems. Also, the knowledge gained from this research will contribute a lot for my final year project which will include in a simple expert system. This report will be explaining what an expert system is, the components of expert system, what a knowledge-based expert system is, the features of expert system, the advantages of using expert system, the drawbacks of using expert system and finally suggestions of implementing expert system into e-commerce systems. In the appendix part, the pictures which I have found from the Internet will be included in for providing better understanding regarding the details of expert system. What is Expert System? According to Wikipedia, an expert system is an advanced computer application that is implemented for the purpose of providing solutions to complex problems, or to clarify uncertainties through the use of non-algorithmic programs where normally human expertise will be needed. Expert systems are most common in complex problem domain and are considered as widely used alternatives in searching for solutions that requires the existence of specific human expertise. The expert system is also able to justify its provided solutions based on the knowledge and data from past users. Normally expert systems are used in making business marketing strategic decisions, analyzing the performance of real time systems, configuring computers and perform many other functions which normally would require the existence of human expertise. The difference between an expert system with a normal problem-solving system is that the latter is a system where both programs and data structures are encoded, while for expert system only the data structures are hard-coded and no problem-specific information is encoded in the program structure. Instead, the knowledge of a human expertise is captured and codified in a process known as knowledge engineering. Hence, whenever a particular problem requires the assistance of a certain human expertise to provide a solution, the human expertise which has been codified will be used and processed in order to provide a rational and logical solution. This knowledge-based expert system enables the system to be frequently added with new knowledge and adapt accordingly to meet new requirements from the ever-changing and unpredictable environment. Components of Expert System An expert system has many core system components to function and interfaces with individuals of various roles. In the appendix area, there will be a diagram (Figure 1.1) displaying expert system components and human interfaces. The major components are: Knowledge base a set of rules as representation of the expertise, mostly in IF THEN statements. Working storage the data which is specific to a problem being solved. Inference engine the code at the core of the system which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working storage. User interface the code that controls the dialog between the user and the system. There are certain major roles of individuals who interact with the expert system to fully exploit its functionality and capability. They are the: Domain expert the individual or individuals whose expertises are solving the problems the system is intended to solve; Knowledge engineer the individual who encodes the experts knowledge in a form that can be used by the expert system; User the individual who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have been provided by the expert. Majority of the expert systems are built with expert system shells which contains an inference engine and user interface. The shell will be used by a knowledge engineer to build a system catered for specific problem domain. Sometimes expert systems are also built with custom developed shells for certain applications. In this scenario, there will be another additional individual System engineer the individual who builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the knowledge base, and implements the inference engine. Depending on the size of the project, the knowledge engineer and the system engineer might be the same person. For a custom built system, the design of the format of the knowledge base and the coding of the domain knowledge are closely related. The format has a significant effect on the coding of the knowledge. One of the major hurdles to overcome in building expert systems is the knowledge engineering process. The process of the codifying the expertise into a required rule format can be a challenging and tedious task. One major advantage of a customized shell is that the format of the knowledge base can be designed to facilitate the knowledge engineering process. Since the major challenge in expert system development is the building of the knowledge base, it is encouraged that gap and difference between the experts representation of the knowledge and the representation in the knowledge base should be minimized. With a customized system, the system engineer can implement a knowledge base whose structures are as close as possible to those used by the domain expert. Knowledge-based Expert Systems Not all expert systems have learning components to adapt in new environments or to meet new requirements. But a common element each expert system possesses is that once the system is fully developed it will be tested and be proven by being placed in the same real world problem solving situation, typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to some information system. Although reference books are able to provide a tremendous amount of knowledge, users have to read, comprehend and interpret the knowledge for it to be used. Conventional computer programs are built to perform functions using conventional decision-making logic having only little knowledge along with the basic algorithm for performing the specific functions and fulfill the necessary boundary conditions. The so-called knowledgebase was created in purpose of utilizing some knowledge representation formalism to capture and store the Subject Matter Experts (SME) knowledge. The process includes gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it according to a standardized format. Knowledge-based expert systems collect the small segments of human knowledge and combined into a set of knowledge-base which is used to aid in solving a complex problem. Any other problem that is within the range and domain of the knowledge-base can also be solved using the same program without reprogramming. Knowledge-based expert systems solve problems which normally require human intelligence. These said expert systems represent the expertise knowledge as data or rules within a system. These rules and data can be used and called upon for reference when needed to solve complex problems. When compared to conventional programming, the system has the ability to reason the process with explanations by back-traces and calculate the levels of confidence and deal with uncertainty. The knowledge has to be codified into programming code, hence as the knowledge changes, the program has to be changed accordingly as well and then rebuilt. Expert System Features There are a number of features which are commonly used in expert systems. These features allows the users to fully utilize the expert systems capability conveniently in providing the most logical and reasonable decision in a problematic situation. Backward chaining an inference technique which continuously break a goal into smaller sub-goals which are easier to prove via IF THEN rules Dealing with uncertainties the system has the capability to handle and reason with conditions that are uncertain and data which are not precisely known Forward chaining an inference technique which deduce a problem solution from initial data via IF THEN rules Data representation the method where the specific problem data is stored and accessed in the system User interface that portion of the code which creates an easy to use system; Explanations the ability of the system to explain the reasoning process that it used to reach a recommendation. Inference rule An inference rule is a statement that has two parts, antecedent which is an if clause and consequent which is a then clause. This rule is what the expert systems rely on and provides the capability to find solutions to diagnose and prescribe problems. An example of an inference rule is: If the song choice is in Latin, and the singers are in a group, Then the song choice is definitely from Il Divo. An expert systems rule base stores many inference rules such as this. They are stored in as separate rules and the inference engine will draw conclusions by going through all of them. Rules can be removed and added without affecting others since they are non-connected, yet it will subsequently affect which conclusions are to be reached. Inference rules has the better upper hand compared with traditional programming due to the fact that inference rules are able to imitate human reasoning and justify the solutions given. Thus, when a conclusion is drawn, the system is able to justify its course of solution and convince the user. Furthermore, since the expert system uses knowledge in a form identical to a certain expert, the solution provided will be not so different from an actual experts advice. Chaining When using inference rules, two main methods of reasoning used are backward chaining and forward chaining. Forward Chaining Forward chaining begins under the condition that the data is available and inference rules are used to conclude more data until a desired goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one in which the if clause is known to be true. It then concludes the then clause and adds this information to its data. It would continue to do this until a goal is reached. Due to the reason that the data available determines which inference rules are used, this method is also called data driven. A large number of expert systems require the use of forward chaining. The data driven approach is practical when combinatorial explosion creates a seemingly infinite number of possible right answers where no definite answer is specified. Forward chaining starts with the available data and uses inference rules to extract more data until a goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one where the antecedent (If clause) is known to be true. When found it can conclude, the consequent (Then clause), resulting in the addition of new information to its data. Inference engines will iterate through this process until a goal is reached. For example, suppose that the goal is to conclude the color of a pet named Fritz, given that he croaks and eats flies, and that the rule base contains the following four rules: If X croaks and eats flies Then X is a frog If X chirps and sings Then X is a canary If X is a frog Then X is green If X is a canary Then X is yellow This rule base would be searched and the first rule would be selected, because its antecedent (If Fritz croaks and eats flies) matches our data. Now the consequents (Then X is a frog) is added to the data. The rule base is again searched and this time the third rule is selected, because its antecedent (If Fritz is a frog) matches our data that was just confirmed. Now the new consequent (Then Fritz is green) is added to our data. Nothing more can be inferred from this information, but we have now accomplished our goal of determining the color of Fritz. Due to the fact that the data determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called data-driven, in contrast to goal-driven backward chaining inference. One of the advantages of forward-chaining over backward-chaining is that the reception of new data can trigger new inferences, which makes the engine better suited to dynamic situations in which conditions are likely to change. Backward Chaining Backward chaining starts with a list of goals or hypothesis and works backwards from the consequent (Then clause) to the antecedent (If clause) to see if there is data available that will support any of these consequents. An inference engine using backward chaining would search the inference rules until it finds one which has a consequent that matches a desired goal. If the antecedent of that rule is not known to be true, then it is added to the list of goals. In order for ones goal to be confirmed one must also provide data that confirms this new rule. An example of a system that uses backward chaining will be Google search engine. The aim of the system is to pick the best choice from many enumerated possibilities. For example, an identification problem falls in this category. Diagnostic systems also fit this model, since the aim of the system is to pick the correct diagnosis. The knowledge is structured in rules which describe how each of the possibilities might be selected. The rule breaks the problem into sub-problems. For example, the following top level rules are in a system which identifies birds. IF family is albatross and color is white THEN bird is laysan albatross. IF family is albatross and color is dark THEN bird is black footed albatross. The system would try all of the rules which gave information satisfying the goal of identifying the bird. Each would trigger sub-goals. In the case of these two rules, the sub-goals of determining the family and the color would be pursued. The following rule is one that satisfies the family sub-goal: IF order is tubenose and size large and wings long narrow THEN family is albatross. The sub-goals of determining color, size, and wings would be satisfied by asking the user. By having the lowest level sub-goal satisfied or denied by the user, the system effectively carries on a dialog with the user. The user sees the system asking questions and responding to answers as it attempts to find the rule which correctly identifies the bird. Note that the goals always match the affirmed versions of the consequents of implications and even then, their antecedents are then considered as the new goals which ultimately must match known facts which are usually defined as consequents whose antecedents are always true. Due to the reason that the list of goals determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called goal-driven, in contrast to data-driven forward-chaining inference. The backward chaining approach is often employed by expert systems. For a data driven system, the system must be initially populated with data, in contrast to the goal driven system which gathers data as it needs it. Figure 1.2 illustrates the difference between forward and backward chaining systems for two simplified rules. The forward chaining system starts with the data of a=1 and b=2 and uses the rules to derive d=4. The backward chaining system starts with the goal of finding a value for d and uses the two rules to reduce that to the problem of finding values for a and b. Uncertainty Often times in structured selection problems the final answer is not known with complete certainty. The experts rules might be vague, and the user might be unsure of answers to questions. This can be easily seen in medical diagnostic systems where the expert is not able to be definite about the relationship between symptoms and diseases. In fact, the doctor might offer multiple possible diagnoses. For expert systems to work in the real world they must also be able to deal with uncertainty. One of the simplest schemes is to associate a numeric value with each piece of information in the system. The numeric value represents the certainty with which the information is known. There are numerous ways in which these numbers can be defined, and how they are combined during the inference process. Data Representation For all rule based systems, the rules refer to data. The data representation can be simple or complex, depending on the problem. The most fundamental scheme uses attribute-value pairs. Examples are color-white, and size-large. When a system is reasoning about multiple objects, it is necessary to include the object as well as the attribute-value. For example the furniture placement system might be dealing with multiple chairs with different attributes, such as size. The data representation in this case must include the object. Once there are objects in the system, they each might have multiple attributes. This leads to a record-based structure where a single data item in working storage contains an object name and all of its associated attribute-value pairs. Frames are a more complex way of storing objects and their attribute-values. Frames add intelligence to the data representation, and allow objects to inherit values from other objects. Furthermore, each of the attributes can have associated with it procedures (called demons) which are executed when the attribute is asked for, or updated. In a furniture placement system each piece of furniture can inherit default values for length. When the piece is placed, demons are activated which automatically adjust the available space where the item was placed. User Interface The acceptability of an expert system depends to a great extent on the quality of the user interface. The easiest to implement interfaces communicate with the user through a scrolling dialog as illustrated in figure 1.4. The user can enter commands, and respond to questions. The system responds to commands, and asks questions during the inferencing process. More advanced interfaces make heavy use of pop-up menus, windows, mice, and similar techniques as shown in figure 1.5. If the machine supports it, graphics can also be a powerful tool for communicating with the user. This is especially true for the development interface which is used by the knowledge engineer in building the system. Providing Explanations One of the more interesting features of expert systems is their ability to explain themselves. Given that the system knows which rules were used during the inference process, it is possible for the system to provide those rules to the user as a means for explaining the results. This type of explanation can be very dramatic for some systems such as the bird identification system. It could report that it knew the bird was a black footed albatross because it knew it was dark colored and an albatross. It could similarly justify how it knew it was an albatross. At other times, however, the explanations are relatively useless to the user. This is because the rules of an expert system typically represent empirical knowledge, and not a deep understanding of the problem domain. For example a car diagnostic system has rules which relate symptoms to problems, but no rules which describe why those symptoms are related to those problems. Explanations are always of extreme value to the knowledge engineer. They are the program traces for knowledge bases. By looking at explanations the knowledge engineer can see how the system is behaving, and how the rules and data are interacting. This is an invaluable diagnostic tool during development. Why Use Expert System? In this section, the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the expert systems are provided. Then, the pros and cons will be reviewed according to my viewpoint and I will conclude as to why expert system SHOULD be implemented as a wiser alternative in obtaining the best solutions in overcoming complex problems. The Advantages of Using Expert System Expert system has been reliably used in the business world to gain tactical advantages and forecast the markets condition. In this globalization era where every decision made in the business world is critical for success, the assistance provided from an expert system is undoubtedly essential and highly reliable for an organization to succeed. Examples given below will be the advantages for the implementation of an expert system: Providing consistent solutions It can provide consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks. As long as the rule base in the system remains the same, regardless of how many times similar problems are being tested, the final conclusions drawn will remain the same. Provides reasonable explanations It has the ability to clarify the reasons why the conclusion was drawn and be why it is considered as the most logical choice among other alternatives. If there are any doubts in concluding a certain problem, it will prompt some questions for users to answer in order to process the logical conclusion. Overcome human limitations It does not have human limitations and can work around the clock continuously. Users will be able to frequently use it in seeking solutions. The knowledge of experts is an invaluable asset for the company. It can store the knowledge and use it as long as the organization needs. Easy to adapt to new conditions Unlike humans who often have troubles in adapting in new environments, an expert system has high adaptability and can meet new requirements in a short period of time. It also can capture new knowledge from an expert and use it as inference rules to solve new problems. The Disadvantages of Using Expert System Although the expert system does provide many significant advantages, it does have its drawbacks as well. Examples given below will be the disadvantages for the implementation of an expert system: Lacks common sense It lacks common sense needed in some decision making since all the decisions made are based on the inference rules set in the system. It also cannot make creative and innovative responses as human experts would in unusual circumstances. High implementation and maintenance cost The implementation of an expert system will be a financial burden for smaller organizations since it has high development cost as well as the subsequent recurring costs to upgrade the system to adapt in new environment. Difficulty in creating inference rules Domain experts will not be able to always explain their logic and reasoning needed for the knowledge engineering process. Hence, the task of codifying out the knowledge is highly complex and may require high May provide wrong solutions It is not error-free. There may be errors occurred in the processing due to some logic mistakes made in the knowledge base, which it will then provide the wrong solutions. Summary It is entirely subjective as to whether the advantages of expert system overweigh the disadvantages of implementing it. It depends on the organizations viewpoint as to which objectives have the higher priority, whether in cutting cost or in producing a higher quality decision-making. However, in my opinion, the implementation of expert system is critical in providing the better service towards customers as well as possessing the competitive advantages over strong competitors. Cutting Cost VS Better Quality of Services If an organization is financially stable, the expert system is worth spending money and resources on, based on its fame and history of delivering many positive results. Though some organizations may have the cost-cutting objective as the top priority, if a wrong decision is made, it could lead to heavier financial loss. Adding insult to injury, the organizations reputation will be tarnished and customers may lose confidence towards the services of the organization. Expert System VS Human Experts Another main constraint of implementing the expert system would be the process of capturing the knowledge and codifying it into the system. However, an expert will not be available to provide his expertise around the clock. Hence, the importance of having the knowledge available all the time for critical decision-making far overweighs the difficulty that the organization will face in capturing the said knowledge. Humans also have limitations as to how much knowledge a human is able to digest and comprehend. As for expert system, it is able to store as much knowledge as possible base on its storage space. Hence, in terms of performance, expert system is capable to perform as good if not better then human. Implementing Expert System into e-Commerce System It has yet to be common for e-commerce systems to be implementing expert system to enhance its capability and experience for web users. There are still not many web developers willing to embed an expert system into their e-commerce system, mainly due to its difficulty in the knowledge engineering process to codify the human expertise. Yet, it is plausible to have a less complex expert system embedded in an e-commerce system to aid customers make decisions. The appropriate inference technique to be used in an e-commerce system will be forward chaining method, since customers will be providing part by part of data which will then be compared with the rule base to finally draw a conclusion. Providing questionnaires Through forward chaining method, the properly organized questionnaires will be able to obtain parts of small information from customers who couldnt make their decision upon which item to be bought. Every single question will have its purpose in determining the condition of the customers thoughts and liking, and then the answer provided will be compared with the rule base in the expert system to draw a final conclusion. This data-driven method is simple and productive since the process of codifying the human expertise of recommending an item that suits the customers liking isnt that complex. Example of Questionnaire The questionnaire below is used for the purpose of attaining small parts of information from the customer and the answers provided will be compared to the rule base in order to generate a decision for him Question 1 What is your budget range? (Determining the range of performance from the desktop) A. < RM 2000 B. lt RM 3000 C. > RM 5000 Inference Rules If X budget is less than RM2000 Then X needs no NVIDIA graphic card If X budget is less than RM3000 Then X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) If X budget is more than RM5000 Then X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories Note: If user chose < RM 2000 Question 2 will be skipped. Question 2 What are the games you mostly play? (Determining the graphic card requirements) A. Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG) B. First-Person-Shooting (FPS) C. All Inference Rules If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) AND X plays MMORPG Then X needs NVIDIA GTX 260 If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories AND X plays MMORPG Then X needs NVIDIA GTX 260 and High Resolution Monitor If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) AND X plays FPS Then X needs NVIDIA GT 9600 If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories AND X plays FPS Then X needs NVIDIA GT 9600 and Gaming Laser Mouse Question 3 How frequent do you download files such as songs and movies from the internet? (Determining the needed storage space) A. Seldom B. Often Inference Rules If X seldom download files Then X needs 320GB storage space If X often download files Then X needs 500GB storage space Providing Explanations Based on the questionnaire above, if a customer selects C, B, and B, the explanation will be given: The user selects NVIDIA GT 9600, Gaming Laser Mouse and 500 GB storage space. User plays First-Person-Shooting games which require middle-performance of graphic card and a gaming laser mouse to increase precision of mouse-controlling. User often downloads files and requires large storage space. If a customer selects C, A, and A, the explanation will be given: The user selects NVIDIA GTX 260, High Resolution Monitor and 320GB storage space. User plays MMORPG which require high-performance of graphic card and a high resolution monitor to enhance the gaming experience. User seldom downloads files and requires moderate storage space. Conclusion To conclude this report, expert system is undeniably reliable in terms of providing reasonable and highly valuable decisions. Knowledge and experiences from a human expert can lead to the critical decision-making in achieving success. Yet, as humans have limitations in terms of how much of knowledge is comprehendible by a person and the possible fatigue of dealing with too much work, the expert system doesnt have any. As knowledge is a valuable asset to an organization, retaining the experts knowledge is critical for the future of the organization. The expert system can play a vital role in storing and retaining the knowledge from a human expert. This saves the trouble of having the need to hire experts within the same domain for years. The rapid change and improvement of technologies will gradually decrease the cost for implementing an expert system. This will significantly reduce the financial burden for small companies in deciding the implementation of expert system. In the business world, organizations often faced trouble in making tough decisions and overcome complex problems. Customers often require computerized systems to support their decision-making. All these criteria can be met with the implementation of the expert system.

A Study On Dialogue And Learning Education Essay

A Study On Dialogue And Learning Education Essay Dialogue has been recognized as the most notable example of Western literature by Plato since 428/427 BC 348/347 BC;. In Greek and Indian literature, particularly the ancient art of rhetoric, it is historically origins as narrative, philosophical or educational device. The dialogue has been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and mathematics. Dialogue (the Greek DIA for through and logos for word) can be defined to include numerous communicative acts includes conversation, talk, communication, interchange, discourse, argument, chat, gossip, colloquy, as well as discussion, debate, exchange of views, head-to-head, consultation, conference, meeting, interview, question and answer session, and negotiations (New Oxford Thesaurus of English 2000). Dialogic learning can occur in any educational situation and contains an important potential for social transformation.  [2]  Various contributions to Dialogic learning has been developed on many perspectives and disciplines such as, P. Freire, 1970 on the theory of Dialogic action, G. Wells, 1999 looking for the Dialogic inquiry approach, J. Habermas, 1984 with the theory of communicative action, M. Bakhtin, 1981, the notion of Dialogic imagination, and Soler, 2004, the dialogical self. Among those, there are many more contemporary authors on Dialogic conceptions, J. Mezirow, 1990, 1991, 2000 transformative learning theory, M. Fielding 2001, students as radical agents of change, T. Koschmann, 1999 emphasizes the potential advantages of adopting dialogicality as the basis of education, Anne C. Hargrave, 2000 shows that children in Dialogic-learning in vocabulary. Specifically, the concept of Dialogic learning (Flecha, 2000)  [3]  evolved from the investigation and observation of how people learn both outside and inside of schools, when acting and learning freely is allowed. The theory The concept of Dialogic learning is not new. In the book Mind and Society, 1962, Vygotsky argued that children learn how to use planning function of their language effectively and their psychological field changes fundamentally. He argued that a child begins to master his surroundings with the help of speech prior to mastering his own behavior. He claimed that the creation of these unique human forms of behavior which eventually produced the intellectual productive work with the use of tools. This was described in his observations of children in an experimental situation showed that children not only act in attempting to achieve a goal but also speak. This speech arose spontaneously and continued almost without interruption throughout the experiment. He claimed that it seems that both natural and necessary for children to speak while they act. Respectively, Vygotsky drew the same kind of distinction between the spontaneous concept of everyday learning and the scientific concept of th e classroom.  [4]  Vygotsky, 1962 argues that the inception of a spontaneous concept can usually be traced to a face-to-face meeting with a concrete situation, while a scientific concept involves from the first a mediated attitude towards it object. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (1921-1997), 1970 theory of Dialogic action 1921 -1997 was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of critical pedagogy.  [5]  He was an educationist known for developing popular education; he puts dialogue as a type of pedagogy.  [6]  Freire argued that dialogue as a means of democratizing education (Freire 1972, 1999). Dialogue communication allowed students and teachers to learn from one another in an environment characterized by respect and equality. He advocates himself to support suppressed people with their performance or application of skills that is informed and linked to their values, by performing and applying their skills in order to make pedagogy for a more deepening understanding and making positive changes to them. He states that human nature is Dialogic, and he believes that communication has a leading role in peoples life. Dialogue is a claim in favor of the democratic choice of educators and learners. The goal of the Dialogic action is always to reveal the truth interacting with others and the world. He claimed that we are continually in dialogue with others and it is in that process that we create and recreate ourselves. Besides, in order to promote free and critical learning, he insists that we should create the conditions for dialogue that encourages the epistemological curiosity of the learner. The Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language, Mikhail M. Bakhtin, 1981, distinguishes the notion of Dialogic imagination. He has theorized dialogue in emphasizing the power of discourse to increase understanding of multiple perspectives and create myriad possibilities.  [7]  Bakhtin argued that dialogue creates a new understanding of a situation that demands change as relationships and connections exist among all living beings.  [8]  His concept of dialogism states a relation between language, interaction, and social transformation. Holquist, 1990 described Bakhtins writings on dialogicality are profound and represent a substantive shift from prevailing views on the nature of language and knowledge  [9]  . Bakhtin established that there is a need of creating meanings in a Dialogic way with other people.  [10]  He believed that individual does not exist outside dialogue. The conc ept of dialogue itself establishes the existence of the other person. It is through dialogue that the other cannot be silenced or excluded. Bakhtin claimed that meanings are created in the processes of reflection between people. He describes, we use the same meanings later in conversations with others, where those meanings get better and even change as we obtain new meanings. Therefore, when we talk, we learn something. In this sense, every time that we talk about something that we have read about, seen or felt; we are actually reflecting the dialogues we have had with others, showing the meanings that we have created in the previous dialogues with others. That said, dialogue cannot be separated from the perspectives of others: learning derives from here with the individual speech and the collective one is deeply related to ones life. Bakhtin asserts that talks is a chain of dialogues, he points that every dialogue results from a previous one and, at the same time, every new dialogu e are going to be presented in future ones. Fitz Simons, G. (1994)  [11]  the learning communities, an educational project which seeks social and cultural transformation of educational centers and their surroundings through Dialogic learning, emphasizing egalitarian dialogue among all community members, including teaching staff, students, families, entities, and volunteers. Fitz Simons points out: The need to establish an atmosphere of mutual respect and a feeling of community in which adult learners are encouraged to be independent learners and to share their expertise (p. 24-25, 1994) Dialogic Learning Fletcher, 2000 looks at the concept of Dialogic learning evolved from the investigation and observation of how people learn both outside and inside of schools, when learning and acting freely is allowed. She describes open dialogue which derived from the perspective of Freire, 1997 involvement of all members of the community the learning communities as research shows that learning process take place in different spaces of the learners life regardless of the learners age, and including the teaching staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities. The recognition and respect of different types of knowledge raise the awareness that each person has something to share, something different and equally important. Therefore, the wider the diversity of voices engaged in open dialogue, the better the knowledge that can be dialogically constructed. Fletcha puts as [Dialogic learning] lead to the transformation of education centers into learning communities where all the people and groups involved enter into relationships with each other. In this way, the environment is transformed, creating new cognitive development and greater social and educational equality. (p. 24) Edward and Mercer, 1987 emphasize that the dialogue concept is ground rules of conversation because it operates as implicit sets of rules for behaving in particular kinds of situation which participants usually take for granted  [12]  . (Edward and Mercer, 1987) In 2007, Mercer and Littletons argues that talk is not just the mediating means for supporting individual development, but rather that ways of thinking are embedded in ways of using language. This talk is more emphasized on as a valuable, social mode of thinking, not just learning. They argue that learners engage and interact with others may have a profound and enduring impact on their skill and intellectual development.  [13]  They further argue that learning and development are two terms that related and have both been used in a great deal. Learning is often in the company of teaching. These two words are required to call upon the kinds of cognitive and intellectual changes in childrens learning. He asserts that lea rning is normally associated with the gaining of knowledge and the acquisition of some fact or skill. It invokes ideas of some sort of growth, the emergence of a new entity and the arrival of a new state of affairs. A contributor to Mercer and Littleton, Chris Watkins, 2003 (A scholar in education and learning) has distinguished three influential conceptions of learning: Learning is being taught, learning is the individual sense making, learning is building knowledge with others.  [14]   Harry Daniel 2001 claims that classroom talk or dialogue mediates not just teaching and learning but also the wider culture.  [15]  He claims that humans are seen as creatures who have a unique capacity for communication and whose lives are normally led within groups, communities and societies based on shared ways of using language, ways of thinking, social practices and tools for getting things done. Daniels emphasizes that such talk, must not be regarded as simple interaction, but narrowly regarded and bounded by the immediacy of the learning task in hand. Similarly, the Dialogic inquiry approach by Gordon Wells, 1999  [16]  , Wells argues that classroom dialogue has been proposed as a method of introducing critical education (Wells 1999, Alrà ¸ Skovsmose 2002) Dialogic inquiry is an educational approach that acknowledges the dialectic relationship between the individual and the society, and an attitude for acquiring knowledge through communicative interactions. Wells points out that the predisposition for Dialogic inquiry depends on the characteristics of the learning environments, and that is why it is important to reorganize them into contexts for collaborative action and interaction. Wells defines inquiry not as a method but as a predisposition for questioning, trying to understand situations collaborating with others with the objective of finding answers. Wells further argues that Dialogic inquiry not only enriches individuals knowledge but also transforms it, ensuring the survival of different cultures and their capacity to transform themselves according to the requirements of every social moment. Wells claims that Dialogic inquiry not only enriches individuals knowledge but also transforms it, ensuring the survival of different cultures and their capacity to transform themselves according to the requirements of every social moment. Education is seen as a Dialogic process, with students and teachers working together within settings that reflect the values and social practices of schools as cultural institutions. Alrà ¸ Skovsmose, 2002 relate dialogue to the learning process by attribute three essential properties to the notion of dialogue; making an inquiry, running a risk and maintaining equality.  [17]  These essential properties must be characteristic of the scene of interaction in order for a learning dialogue to occur. Making an inquiry means learner exploring what he does not yet know and sharing the desire to gain new experiences. For an inquiry to be Dialogic it must be open to participants bringing their own perspectives rooted in their backgrounds into the inquiry. Learners must also be willing to suspend their own perspectives in order to consider the perspectives of others and in articulating these perspectives new and more insightful perspectives might come into view. For that reason, Dialogic is running a risk in the ambiguity and uncertainty of the dialogue process. Learners to a dialogue propose other peoples perspectives, however navigating in a landscape of investigation means that there are no pre-established answers to up-and-coming questions. Therefore dialogue includes risk-taking both in an epistemological and an emotional sense. In other words learners to a dialogue will be challenged on their knowledge as well as their emotions. In order for participants to remain in the Dialogic process it must be ensured that the uncertainty never appears too uncomfortable. They claim that dialogue could then maintain equality by suggesting that learners are engaged at a level of parity. Parity in this sense does not equal sameness but rather fairness. Learners may enter the dialogue in different capacities and being equal thus comes to depend on the ability of learners to embrace and accept diversity (Alrà ¸ Skovsmose, 2002). After years of research conducted in several countries; India, USA, France, Italy and England with a team of researchers, Robin Alexander 2004  [18]  has put talk as the prominent element for effective thinking and learning requirement for children. He has distinguished talk for a distinctive pedagogical approach called Dialogic teaching. He argues that language and thought are intimately related, and the extent and manner of childrens cognitive development depend to a considerable degree on the forms and contexts of language which they have encountered and used. This new approach demands both pupil engagement and teacher intervention by which pupils actively engage and teachers constructively intervene is through talk. Dialogue and Higher level of Education For higher educational level, Diana Laurillard, 2002 puts a Dialogic learning framework as Conversational Framework. This framework supports various media forms such as narrative, interactive, adaptive, communicative and productive. The idea of a conversational framework, is used to define the learning process for higher education and then to interpret the extent to which new technology can support and enhance high level conceptual learning. She describes that learning must be discursive and the teacher should be associating teaching and learning process with the world. Laurillard asserts that learning technologies must achieve their full potential for transforming learning experience. Laurillard argues that the academics; Universities, Institutions, colleges, schools etc. Should begin with an understanding of how students learn, and they should design and use the Conversational Framework and the learning technologies from this standpoint to familiarize a better learning strategy for university teaching. Laurillards idea is hardly new as she quoted Paul Ramsdens statement that teaching is a sort of conversation. Respectively, Kolbs learning cycle (Kolb, 1984) states that learning occurs through an iterative cycle of experience followed by feedback, then reflected on to be used as revised action  [19]  . Gordon Pask, 1976 formalized the idea of learning as a conversation in conversation theory. This theory lays out the separation of description and model-building behaviors, and the definition of understanding as determined by two levels of agreement (Ibid. 22)  [20]  . This describes the characteristic of the teaching learning process is iterative conversation. Besides classroom education, dialogue education is described as an approach to adult education by educator, Jane Vella in the 1980s. This approach to education draws on various adult learning theories, including those of Paulo Freire, Kurt Lewin, Malcolm Knowles and Benjamin Bloom (Global Learning Partners, 2006b; Vella, 2004). It is a synthesis of these abstract theories into principles and practices that can be applied in a concrete way to learning design and facilitation. Dialogue education is a form of Constructivism and can be a means for Transformative learning, (Vella, 2004). Dialogue education shifts the focus of education from what the teacher says to what the learner does, from learner passivity to learners as active participants in the dialogue that leads to learning (Global Learning Partners, 2006c). A dialogue approach to education views learners as subjects in their own learning and honors central principles such as mutual respect and open communication (Vella, 2002). L earners are invited to actively engage with the content being learned rather than being dependent on the educator for learning. Ideas are presented to learners as open questions to be reflected on and integrated into the learners own context (Vella, 2004). The intent is that this will result in more meaningful learning. Conclusion Significantly dialogue and learning are two terms that cant stand by its own without the others presence. It is now that the responsibility of this study to examine dialogue and learning to a further course of current new media mobile technology. How does children making use of mobile devices in the world of mobile technology in this transformation age of environment? How does learning then develop from these technologies? Why does a child today communicate so much with technology? That said my hypothesis that the new media mobile technology has potential in facilitating the process of childrens learning development. Do these technologies provide learning tools which are able to provide significant knowledge development? Besides, Vygotsky and Vygotskian theory claimed that the learning tools are some kind of childrens higher psychological functions of making his or her interactions to their social and moral development. As we all knew, these dialogues are being created, learned and u sed by our children tremendously without our awareness day to day in their world of communications in interactive mobile technologies. These dialogues and learning are integrated with their handheld gadgets, computers and software, learning materials, playing the games in the virtual world. With the existence of other features; design, audio and video, photography, colors, fonts, information, and programming language navigating them throughout the lessons and programs. Our children or learners and members jointly produce Dialogic knowledge and participate in the definition of actions that lead to social and educational change. Therefore, this research sees dialogue and learning associates to the notion of Bakhtin dialogicality as dialogue represents this senses where it mediates the new media that our children to listen and watch. These dialogues can take numerous other forms such as: less structured, more informal and more participatory than interviews or discussion groups, e.g. By encouraging participants to set the agenda for discussion and for the researcher to take an active role in the discussion rather than only the role as a listener. This approach will grant participants to the dialogue a sense of equality and the freedom to bring into the dialogue whichever topic they deem relevant. Inviting research participants in the interpretation process simultaneously embrace a Dialogic epistemology recognizing the value of negotiating, reflecting and interpreting with the goal of mutual understanding and relationship building. Therefore, in this study we need to narrow our understanding of dialogue and address the question of the contribution of dialogue in the interactive mobile technologies in the childrens psychological learning development. In the learning communities, it is fundamentally the involvement o f all members of the community because, as research shows, learning processes, regardless of the learners age, and including the teaching staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities that take place in different spaces of the learners life, like school, home, and workplace, then only on interactions and activities developed in spaces of formal learning, such as classrooms. Along these lines, the learning communities project aims at multiplying learning contexts and interactions with the objective of all participants reaching higher levels of development (Vygotsky, 1978)  [21]  .

Public and Private School Uniforms :: Teaching Education

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently in America an on going debate continues regarding a uniform policy suggested to public and private schools. This develops into a controversial issue because valid argument exist on both sides. Giving this issue much thought has lead me to believe that making school uniforms mandatory would help the school systems. School uniforms would help unruly classrooms, also students would not have to buy expensive clothes and students would not get killed over tennis shoes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schools that have adopted uniforms have reported several advantages. Some school systems including ones in Miami, Detroit, and Los Angeles have adopted a voluntary uniform policy. Under this plan schools do not require students to wear their uniform, but most students cooperate. In the fall of 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District became the first in the nation to require uniforms, hoping to improve the overall conduct and scholastic records of their students. This school system feels that dressing students the same would eliminate the pressure of fitting in, build up students self-esteem, and augment student moral. Parents, teachers, and students agree that wearing uniforms would decrease arguments that begin over expensive clothing and sneakers. School systems hope uniforms will help to eliminate gang violence caused by students wearing rival gang colors. Uniforms would also prevent the wealthier students from picking on their less fortunate classmates because they can not afford to dress the same. Although no evidence confirms that the uniform policy will improve academic achievement, the Long Beach Unified School District reported a 50% decline in the number of disturbances at school and bus stops in their district. Overall, the Long Beach Unified School District has set an example for other schools planning to adopt the uniform policy by showing noticeable improvements in specific areas of its educational environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opponents of the uniform policy say it comes with disadvantages. Not all students want to fit in. Instead, they value their freedom and individuality. Students feel that making school uniforms mandatory takes away their right to self-expression. Opponents feel that uniforms are just a new gimmick that will have little effect on education. Also, school uniforms would prove costly for the students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand some people argue that uniforms are cheaper than buying children street clothing. However, opponents still feel that uniforms should not become a requirement. Most of the schools adopting uniforms are choosing so many other reforms that they will have difficulty proving that uniforms deserve praise. Skepticism, economics, and students reluctance to wear uniforms will continue to further decrease the popularity of uniforms in our

Essay --

Week 2: Discussion 1 – Bring Systems into Being Colorado Technical University CS672: Systems Engineering Methods Pooja Kattimani Instructor: Professor John King January 13, 2014 Bring Systems into Being What are some characteristics of human-made or engineered systems that distinguish it from natural system? The characteristics of human made systems which will distinguish from natural system are as follows: †¢ Human made systems are those systems which are brought into being by human intervention through components, attributes or relationships between them, whereas the natural systems are brought into being by a natural process. Example: example for human made systems is solution to flooding problem of Nile river, example for natural system are water cycle, food chain etc. †¢ Human made systems have some impact on natural world. Example: When Aswan Dam was built on Nile River, it had impact on the natural world. Problems such as rapid erosion of Nile delta, fishing industry was reduced in eastern Mediterranean etc. whereas Natural systems exhibit equilibrium and high degree of order Example water cycle. In natural system material flows are cyclic in nature. †¢ Human made systems are created by beginning with identifying the needs of customer and ending with phase out and disposal, whereas the natural systems have no dead ends and no wastes. 2. Pick a product, describe the enabling system that is required to bring it into being, and explain the importance of engineering the system and product together. Consider an automotive product to be developed in automotive industry. For most organizations lack of visibility of data, technology and people in the product development life cycle cause challenges to organizations. Use of... ...sons: †¢ Customer communication step in spiral model helps to know the needs of customer and gather complete requirements necessary to develop the system. †¢ In Spiral model there is avoidance of risk is enhanced because there is high amount of risk analysis. †¢ Software can be developed in the early stages of software development life cycle. †¢ It is good for larger projects because it is iterative process, when it proceeds through several stages of lifecycle, each time a different prototype is developed. Hence prototype can be evaluated for risk before proceeding to next step. †¢ Additional functionality can be added in later stages of development cycle if required. References Blanchard B. S. & Fabrycky W. J. (2011), Systems Engineering and Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Blanchard B. S. (2008), Systems Engineering Management, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Analyzing a Police Encounters with a Suspect Essay -- Case Study, Exig

A police officer is required to have probable cause to stop a vehicle, which can be, but not limited to a traffic violation, equipment violation, or simply suspicious activity. A frisk of the occupants of a vehicle is justified if the police officer has reasonable suspicion that the occupants are armed and dangerous. In this essay, I will identify the levels of police encounter involved in the case study. I will describe the legal requirements needed to justify each encounter. I will analyze the facts in the case study against each level of encounter to determine if Officer Smith was justified. In the scenario presented in the case study, Officer Smith is on routine patrol at night when she notices the vehicle in front of her appears to have a broken tail light, but covered with colored tape. Officer Smith instructs the driver to pull the vehicle to the side of the road. In the 1996, Whren v. United States despite the prevailing circumstances and the personal opinion of the officer whether the occupant of a vehicle is involved in some other illegal activities, a traffic stop is legitimate as long as another logical officer would have stopped the vehicle for the same traffic violation (The Oyez Project at llT Chicago-Kent College of Law, 2013). The law varies on the broken tail light from state to state. In general, as long as the tail light does not show a bright glaring light and the tail light is operational then it is not a traffic law violation (Leagle, 2013). With that being duly noted, Officer Smith does not have reasonable suspicion to make the initial stop of this vehicle (Carden, 2013). In the case study, as Officer Smith walks to the driver side of the vehicle; she recalls that a car fitting the gene... ... 1 June 2015. http://www.georgiacriminaldefense.com/georgiaattemptingtoeludeapoliceofficer.html Leagle. (2013). Vicknair v. State. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.leagle.com/decision/1983956670SW2d286_1945 Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Exigent circumstances. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/exigent_circumstances National Paralegal College. (2007). Exceptions to the warrant requirement. Web. 1 June 2015. http://nationalparalegal.edu/conlawcrimproc_public/protectionfromsearches&seizures/extowarrantreq.asp Nolo. (2013). Your rights during a traffic stop. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.lawfirms.com/resources/criminal-defense/traffic-tickets/your-rights-during-a-traffic-stop.htm The Oyez Project at llT Chicago-Kent College of Law. (2013). Whren v. United States. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1995/1995_95_5841

Information Systems Technology Essay

Computer engineers are responsible for analyzing, designing and building software applications in an IT firm concerned with developing application software’s for various businesses. Once the primary analysis is done by the system analyst the coding phase is prepared by the software engineers where they have enough programming experience to bring the design model into a running system. They are responsible to get the logical design in paper to implement into a physical working system. They use their programming ability to design the business modules. They are usually concerned with the development of the system and taking care of the user interfaces, business rules implementation and the design methodologies which are required by any business employing information systems. They are also responsible for selecting the right programming tool for designing the user interface and enveloping the functionalities of the concerned tool in framing the business policies. Role of software tester: Software testers work in collaboration with the software engineers to eliminate the bugs in the software. They are primarily concerned with testing the software for checking the software for fulfilling the requirements and checking whether the software runs successfully with the requirements fulfilled. This is mainly concerned with validation and verification of the software. They prepare test cases to test the software for boundary checks, limit checks, data type checks, calculations of business processes and many others. They create and maintain reports to keep track of the systems reports and account of the defects which are found in the process. The classification of the defects is the next step. The defects are either corrected by the software tester or are forwarded to the software engineers to be corrected and submit again for errors. They are usually concerned with elimination of anomalies which are quite a hindrance in the business environment and pose a great threat to data and security. References /Bibliography See: http://getaccess. westone. wa. gov. au/careers/ profiles/data/OCC247. asp See: http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos267. htm